Quantum Computing: Shaping the Future of Technology

By: Ali Hamza

In the world of technological innovation, few fields are as promising as quantum computing. Imagine a world where problems that would take classical computers hours to solve are handled in just seconds. This isn't science fiction; it's the potential of quantum computing — a groundbreaking advancement that could completely reshape our understanding of what's possible in computing. However, the question arises, “What actually is Quantum Computing?”

To fully understand the functionality and purpose of Quantum Computers, we need to rewind a bit into the past.

Bridging the Gap

The basic fundamental of every computer is a bit — a binary unit of information that can exist in one of two states: 0 or 1. This simple, yet useful, building block allows every digital device to function, enabling everything from basic arithmetic to complex simulations.

Classical computers perform calculations using bits, and these bits are classified through logic gates to perform various operations. By combining millions or even billions of these gates, classical computers can execute complex programs, solve problems, and process vast amounts of data. However, despite their remarkable capabilities, classical computers have quite a few limitations, particularly when it comes to solving certain types of problems that require immense computational power and time. To overcome these limitations of classical computers, researchers have opted towards the principle of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of superposition. This allows particles such as electrons or photons to exist in multiple states simultaneously.[1]

Quantum computing uses specialized technology, including computer hardware and algorithms that take advantage of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that classical computers or supercomputers can’t solve, or can’t solve quickly enough.

QuBits

Quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which process information very differently. Qubits can be made by manipulating atoms, electrically charged atoms called ions, or electrons. They can also be made by nanoengineering so-called artificial atoms, such as circuits of superconducting qubits using a printing method called lithography. [5]

According to IBM,  “it's what a qubit can do rather than what it is that's remarkable” [2]. A qubit places the quantum information that it contains into a state of superposition. This refers to a combination of all possible configurations of the qubit. "Groups of qubits in superposition can create complex, multidimensional computational spaces. Complex problems can be represented in new ways in these spaces."[2]

Connection with Quantum Mechanics

Entanglement is another fascinating aspect of quantum mechanics. When two qubits become entangled, they form a pair that exists in a single state. If you change one qubit, the other qubit will change in a predictable way, no matter how far apart they are. This connection allows quantum computers to perform many calculations at once.

In a quantum computer, qubits can be placed into a state of superposition and entangled with each other. This creates a situation where there are many possible outcomes, each with its own probability and possibility. These probabilities can combine in ways that either increase or decrease the chances of certain outcomes, a phenomenon known as interference.

When a quantum computer executes a process, it starts by putting the qubits into a position of all possible states. Then, using a quantum circuit, a pattern  is applied to these states according to a specific algorithm. This process cancels out many incorrect outcomes and highlights the correct ones. The probable outcomes are the solutions to the process.

Why Do We Need Quantum Computers?

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize many fields, including:

• Security: Enhancing data encryption and secure information sharing.

• Finance: Creating better investment portfolios, trading simulators, and improving fraud detection.

• Military and Intelligence: Improving radar systems for missile and aircraft detection.

• Healthcare: Developing new drugs, advanced DNA research, and personalized medical care.

• Aerospace: Designing more efficient and safer aircraft.

• Utilities: Advancing nuclear fusion and improving chemical sensors for environmental protection.

• Manufacturing: Innovating digital manufacturing processes.

• Technology: Enhancing machine learning, artificial intelligence, and Big Data search.

Overall, quantum computing can help solve complex problems more efficiently, leading to significant advancements across various industries.

Limitations of Quantum Computers

Quantum computing shows immense potential across industries, but also faces significant challenges. 

1. Maintaining stable quantum states, known as decoherence, is difficult due to environmental sensitivity. 

2. Error correction methods are underdeveloped, affecting reliability. 

3. Quantum systems need extreme conditions — near absolute zero and shielded from magnetic fields. [4]

Overcoming these barriers is important for realizing quantum computing's potential. While quantum computing faces numerous challenges, ongoing research and technological advancements offer a hope for solutions. Overcoming these barriers holds the path to realize its full potential. With continued innovation and perseverance, quantum computing stands firm to revolutionize the industries in future.

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Author Ali Hamza is an 11th grader from Pakistan, passionate about current advancements in computer science, quantum physics, and theoretical-mechanics derived technologies.

Works Cited: 

1. McArdle, Sam, et al. “Quantum Computational Chemistry.” Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 92, no. 1, Mar. 2020, doi:10.1103/revmodphys.92.015003.https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.92.015003

2. What Is Quantum Computing? | IBM. www.ibm.com/topics/quantum-computing

3. Team, Investopedia. “Quantum Computing: Definition, How It'S Used, and Example.” Investopedia, 6 Apr. 2024, www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quantum-computing.asp

4. “What Is Quantum Computing?” Caltech Science Exchange, scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-computing-computers.